The Greatest Playwright Of All Time - 856 Words

Forget about Arthur Miller, Oscar Wilde, Samuel Beckett and Tennessee Williams. Shakespeare is widely considered as the greatest playwright of all time. His plays, such as Hamlet, contain incomparable elegance and poise, and his knowledge is impressively divergent. Surprisingly for the world s greatest playwright, very little is actually known about his life. To fully understand Shakespeare’s plays â€Å"you need to [...] find out as much as you can about [...] the thought of his [time] period† (Bonnycastle 83). Well, one fact is certain, Shakespeare lived in England during the 16th century, also known as the Elizabethan era. During this time period, the social hierarchy was extremely important and perhaps the most crucial element in the understanding of the era. Elizabethan England had five main classes: the Monarch, the Nobility, the Gentry, the Yeomanry, and the Poor. A person s class determined every aspect about their life. When taking into consideration the social classes of the 16th century, the inequalities between characters, in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, become apparent. Hamlet presents multiple examples of the social structure: when Laertes asks permission to return to France, Ophelia is warned about her relationship with Hamlet, when the ghost of King Hamlet doesn’t speak to the sentinels, King Claudius shows how he has power over his subjects and the gravediggers express their thoughts on Ophelia’s burial. In 16th century England, the government system was a monarchy.Show MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare : The Greatest Playwright Of All Times1845 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright of all times but one of the most famous English writers. Not only was he a talented playwright but he lived a very pivotal life; some say it s due to his 37 plays and 154 sonnets credited to him. His remarkable talent with the English language has inspired many writers and playwrights. However, over the years there has been much speculation about Shakespeare s life regarding his religious affiliation, sexual orientation, sources of collaborationRead MorePlay Flourishing in Elizabethan Era and a Review of Christopher Marlow’s Play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus678 Words   |  3 PagesThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is a play written by Christopher Marlowe. Christopher Marlowe is an English playwright who lived and created during the rule of Elizabeth I. The whole period of her reign, from 1558 to 1603, is called Elizabethan age and is known for being the greatest period in the history of English literature, so as the golden age of English drama. Since the number of plays was growing, lots of theaters were opened and made art more available to average people. HistoricalRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare: Greatest Playwright of All1554 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare: Greatest Playwright of All William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was a British poet and playwright, he was well known as the greatest writer of all time, he was often called the Bard of Avon.Although many facts of his life remain unknown, his poems and plays are unique and have timeless theme that touch everyone’s heart, and are still widely studied and performed in today’s society. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, England enjoyed a time of prosperity and stability that ledRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare: Greatest Playwright of All1568 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare: Greatest Playwright of All William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was a British poet and playwright, he was well known as the greatest writer of all time, he was often called the Bard of Avon.Although many facts of his life remain unknown, his poems and plays are unique and have timeless theme that touch everyone’s heart, and are still widely studied and performed in today’s society. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, England enjoyed a time of prosperity and stability that ledRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences And Heart Of Darkness 964 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluential playwright who wrote about the African American experience and conflicts with the White world. Although he may be argued as one of the greatest playwrights in America, I myself have only heard of his work once when my seventh grade English class read Fences, a play about a man and his son dealing with dealing with racism while also dealing with their own conflict when the son wants to follow in the steps of his father and become a profess ional athlete. I had honestly forgotten all about thatRead MoreTennessee Williams And The Great State Of Tennessee1044 Words   |  5 PagesLanier â€Å"Tennessee† Williams. Tennessee was one of the most amazing playwrights of the 20th century. Although he was one of the greatest playwrights of his time he had to endure many obstacles throughout his lifetime. He had to deal with the complicated marriage that he had with his wife. Also his parents’ marriage was very strained, and caused problems in his life as well. Tennessee’s father was an alcoholic, and was often times very violent. Also as a child Tennessee Williams almost lost his lifeRead MoreThe Evolution Of Greek Theater1576 Words   |  7 PagesGods. In honor of the Gods there were festivals with dancing, music, and theatrical performances. During the festivals the whole city would come to a complete stand still. All businesses were closed, politics were put on the back burner, and wars were halted. Al l social classes were welcome to come to the festival, and they all did. One of the most famous religious festivals is the City Dionysia, a festival in honor of the god Dionysus, god of wine, revelry, and fertility. The festival was held inRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare : The Greatest Writer Of All Time1008 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeare is considered the most influential and greatest writers of all time because he writes great stories, he has the ability to turn phrases, and has very a compelling use of characters. I will be including in my research countless facts about Shakespeare and educated information on why William Shakespeare is considered the greatest writer of all time. Shakespeare s feats and accomplishments have all been established and based on his early life and childhood. William ShakespeareRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet, King Lear, And A Midsummer s Night Dream1037 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bard of Avon, commonly known as William Shakespeare is one of the best known playwrights in the (Video). A few of his most famous plays include Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, and A Midsummer’s Night Dream (McArthur). Although he was popular during his time, Shakespeare’s influence continued to grow after his death and today he well known around the world. He added 2,000 words to the English dictionary and he is the 2nd most quoted after the Bible (Video). Shakespeare is one of the mostRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare as the Greatest Genius in British Literature1014 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare as the Greatest Genius in British Literature Even after four centuries, the literary world remains to uphold Shakespeare as the greatest genius in British literature. While best known as a dramatist, Shakespeare was also a distinguished poet. Shakespeares extraordinary gifts for complex poetic imagery, mixed metaphor, and intelligent puns, along with insight into human nature are the characteristics that created the legend he is today. The following essay will address how

Aids Is The Disease Caused By Human Immunodeficiency Virus...

AIDS is the disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus type 1, or HIV-1 (referred to as HIV). HIV belongs to the retrovirus family, a group of viruses that have the ability to use cell s machinery to replicate. HIV attacks the immune system by damaging or killing a specific type of white blood cell in the body called a T-lymphocyte, also called a CD4+ or T-helper cell. T-lymphocytes help the immune system perform its important task of fighting diseases in the body caused by invading germs. As a result of HIV infection, the immune system becomes weakened and the body has trouble battling certain infections caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Many of these infections are highly unusual in people with healthy immune systems. They are called opportunistic infections because they take advantage of a weakened immune system. People with HIV disease not only are more likely to contract these infections, they are more likely to have them repeatedly and to become much more sick from them. The image above on the right shows how the cell looks when it is infected and the disease is taking over. The virus attacks the immune system. As the immune system weakens, the body is vulnerable to life-threatening infections and cancers. Once a person has the virus, it stays inside the body for life. TransmissionCauses of the virus includes: sexual contact -- including oral, vaginal, and anal sex, blood, -- via blood transfusions (now extremely rare in the U.S.), or needleShow MoreRelatedHuman Immunodeficiency Virus And Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome1477 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome In 1981, the first cases in the United States of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) developed in Los Angeles and New York (Fraser, Burd, Liebson, Lipschik, Peterson, 2008). The illness presented itself among several homosexual males who developed rare opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma (Sharp Hahn, 2011). At the time, medical professionals deemed the infections to beRead MoreTreatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a blood-borne virus typically transmitted via sexual intercourse, shared intravenous drug paraphernalia, and mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), which can occur during the birth processor during breastfeeding.† There is no cure for HIV or AIDS but over time different types of medications have been developed that slows down the advancement of the disease. AIDS is a lethal disease that is caused by HIV. HIV destroys t he immune system and causes the body to notRead MoreAids/Hiv Essay 21504 Words   |  7 Pagesknown as AIDS is a disease that gradually attacks breaks down the human immune system that starts out with the virus called HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS makes it impossible for the people suffering with the disease to fight off simple infections and viruses that normal, healthy individuals wouldn’t be affected by. It’s not the virus that actually kills the individual, it’s the small scale outside infections, tumors, and viruses that kills the person because the AIDS virus destroysRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1529 Words   |  7 Pages Human Immunodeficiency Virus Typing Template for APA Papers: A Sample of Proper Formatting for the APA 6th Edition Sheela Jose Grand Canyon University: HIV Known as a Communicable Disease A communicable disease is known an illness that results from an infectious agent that occurs through transmission either indirectly or directly, from an infected individual. The human immunodeficiency virus is considered a communicable disease, and will be explored further in relation toRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1499 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a deadly retrovirus that can progress into AIDS. The progression of HIV has become rapid worldwide over the last few decades. The patient should not feel as if the disease or virus defines the overall character of the patient. The dental hygienist will play an important role in making the patient feel comfortable and in a judgment free environment. Standards precautions are still the same when treating all patients with or withoutRead MoreAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( Aids )1401 Words   |  6 PagesDeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Duckworth 2 The history of the awful words AIDS and HIV has distressed the world for the past 40 years. It has infused panic in the world from its illness, fear, and regrettably death. AIDS was announced to the world in 1980. It is highly believed that this illness began in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo. Prior to this time, it is undetermined of the number of people infected developed AIDS or HIV because thereRead MoreHiv And The Immune System948 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is HIV HIV , stands for human immunodeficiency virus, it is a virus that attacks the immune system, the immune system protects the body against infection and illness .If the body does not have a strong immune system, It may not be able fight off disease. The virus and the infection it causes are termed HIV. White blood cells are the part of the immune system that is important as far as fighting off infection. When a person catches HIV it infects and destroys certain white blood cells calledRead MoreHiv And Aids : A Major Cause Of Death1455 Words   |  6 PagesHIV and AIDS is a major cause of death in the USA. AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a disease caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus.) HIV attacks and kills cells that help the body fight off illness. Symptoms appear at different times for each individual, for some it takes a year and for others it takes ten years. HIV is transmitted through the exchange of bodily fluids or a direct port of a secretion into the b lood stream. There are many different ways you can prevent the transmissionRead More Symptoms of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Essay examples1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe Symptoms of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus has left a deep imprint on citizens affected today. The first recognition of AIDS occurred in the 1980’s and informed Americans to be more careful of their sexually activity. Some symptoms were similar to the common cold but were taken seriously after it lead to deaths. People assumed that HIV was spread by sitting on toilet seats or even hugging. The truth was that HIV couldn’t be spread as easily as everyone thoughtRead MoreHiv And Aids : Aids1606 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussing HIV and AIDS. This disease is known as a severe decline in one’s immune system resulting in a decreased ability to resist infection and malignancy. A lot of people ask what the difference between HIV and AIDS is. HIV is the virus that causes the disease AIDS. With this being said, I will now discuss some objectives that that will be covered throughout this lecture that I hope will help guide you as well as help you have a better understanding of the progres sion of this disease (Welcome to AIDS

Eyes Wide Open free essay sample

I raised my hand and it fluttered in the air for a moment. â€Å"Yes?† asked the woman, before my fingers could retreat. â€Å"What occurrences in your life influenced your writing?† I asked, softly at first, then louder as I was encouraged by her nod and smile. She looked around the room, thinking. The day was sultry in the seaside town of Hilo, on the Big Island of Hawaii. That was outside, though. I sat in a colorful, air-conditioned room along with 15 college, high-school, and intermediate students. Red and blue ottomans had been pushed into a circle and there we lounged, intent upon her. This woman, a slight, raven-haired figure with fine features, was Kyoko Mori. An author and instructor at Harvard, she had come to speak about the craft of writing at a day-long University of Hawaii program. The majority of the students were a great deal older than me, a 12-year-old. We will write a custom essay sample on Eyes Wide Open or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Having mulled over the question, Mori explained how she had directly experienced some of what was in her novels. â€Å"But most,† she added, â€Å"I observed through the lives of others.† I accepted that for the moment. The conversation continued, leaping from one topic to another at an astonishing pace. When I got home, however, a question came to mind: How could one observe events well enough to write about them? I puzzled over this for a while, then forgot about it. Months later, I was in the middle of a watercolor class. I carefully painted a house reflected in a shimmering pond. As I noted the subtle shadows in the water, it occurred to me that Ms. Mori was correct about the need for observation. To paint the depths of water contrasting with the light-catching patches, it helped to pretend that I sat near that pool. After squinting at the paper in a most peculiar fashion, I was able to create a semblance of life on a formerly blank piece of paper. Before I met Ms. Mori, I had never pondered where my ideas for creating came from. If pressed to answer that, I may have muttered, only half-jesting, â€Å"One needs to have uncommon genius and talented muses.† Perhaps I had flirted with the concept of awareness but it was only a sketchy idea, without a name or a place. My meeting with Ms. Mori and my subsequent reflections and conversations with others cemented that fleeting idea. On a wider scope, this meeting with Ms. Mori has demonstrated the importance of allowing a great deal of thought about matters of importance to me. Watching the world can lead to revelations about mankind, and I certainly have no intention of keeping my thoughts to myself. Last summer, I explored cultures in Western Europe which differed drastically from my own in Hawaii. I then showcased my photos, paintings, and words from this experience. I hope to go through life in much the same manner, keeping my eyes and ears open to form my own opinions. I know that college will provide ample opportunities for this. Then, through my words and brushstrokes, I intend to present my own delicately blooming philosophies. I have already begun by writing articles for school newspapers and essay contests, as well as having enlightening conversations with friends, family, and acquaintances. Who knows you may one day see my books or hear me lecture at a college. I may be a different version of Ms. Mori, opening the minds of others to sparkling, new ways to perceive the world.

It Is Reasonable To Wonder What Shakespeare Had In Mind While Writing

It is reasonable to wonder what Shakespeare had in mind while writing Hamlet. After all, Shakespeare wasn't a philosopher or historian, or even a literary critic. He was a playwright. He didn't leave critical essays examining his work. It is left to us to examine his work and decide for ourselves, if we care to, what Shakespeare was thinking. Did he know that he was writing a drama of deep psychological significance, a play which would eventually be viewed and read the world over, produced many times over hundreds of years, taught in schools, and thought of as one of the world's greatest plays? I, for one, imagine him crossing the t in the last word of the play, putting down his pen, and saying, I hope it runs a year. Yet Hamlet is an extremely complex play. To appreciate the imagination which went into the creation of this tragedy, let's first delve into what is putatively Shakespeare's most complex tragedy, King Lear. Lear has three daughters: Cordelia, who is faithful and unappreciated by Lear, and Regan and Goneril who receive everything at his hands and betray him. These themes of misplaced love and filial betrayal are mirrored in the subplot of the play, the relationship between the Earl of Gloster and his two sons, Edmund, who is supported and approved by Gloster and betrays him, and Edgar, who unjustly becomes a fugitive from his father's wrath. The mirror is whole. In it we view Cordelia's reflection and see Edgar, while Regan's and Goneril's reflections, which are of one face, show us Edmund. In the main plot of Hamlet, Hamlet's father has been murdered. Hamlet swears revenge, but feign's madness and delays. In the subplot, the chamberlain, Polonius, is murdered by Hamlet. One of Polonius's children, Laertes, swears revenge, while the other, his daughter Ophelia, goes mad. Here, the mirror is cracked. Hamlet's reflection is splintered. We see one part of him, his revenge motive, in Laertes' action, and we see his pretended madness in Ophelia's piteous condition. More than this, Hamlet's image is dimmed compared to those of his counterparts. Hamlet speaks of revenge, but procrastinates; Laertes instantly raises and army and attacks the kingdom, but he must be satisfied over his father's murder. Hamlet only acts mad; Ophelia's madness is too real. Shakespeare presents us with a play dealing with striking human similarities and differences-and a protagonist who is more than a character, but is a compendium of the qualities of the minor characters. Hamlet's unrealized potential throws the fully-realized actions of Laertes and Ophelia into relief. If the play were about Laertes and Ophelia, Hamlet would be the perfect foil. In Hamlet's fibrillating performance we appreciate Laertes boldness. Viewed against Hamlet's affected loss of wits, Ophelia's true madness is the more pitiful. But to consider Hamlet a foil for Laertes and Ophelia is to miss the point. After all, Hamlet is the hero. The play is, more than anyone, about him. Mirrors can be deceptive. One can lose sight of what is real and what is merely image. Claudius is a case in point. We could never mistake Claudius for the protagonist of the play. Could we? He is Hamlet's antagonist. But, In fact, Claudius has several characteristics common to Shakespeare's tragic heroes. Using *A. C. Bradley's definition, let's examine Claudius's qualifications to be the protagonist of Hamlet. ? The tragic hero is a person of high degree or great importance. Claudius qualifies here. He is the king. As his fortunes go, so go those of all who surround him. As he is cheerful, the court is cheerful. As his brow is contracted in woe, so the Danish court suffers. ? The tragic hero has a predisposition in some particular direction, accompanied by an inability to resist the force which drives him or her. Claudius is ambitious. His ? ambition drives him to murder his brother, the former king. ? Claudius is evil. But the tragic hero need not be good. Consider Macbeth and Richard III. ? By their acts, Shakespeare's tragic heroes hope to achieve intended outcomes. But what they achieve is not what they intended; it is terribly unlike it. Claudius's murderous act brings him only short-lived happiness. As the play opens, Claudius's situation is secure. He

Dionysos

Dionysos was the most widely worshipped and popular god in ancient Greece. In Greek mythology Dionysos had two sides. On one side he was the god of nature, vegetation, abundance, and growth. On the other he was the god of wine and ecstatic drunkenness. Dionysos was also known as a lawgiver and a god of emotionally intense tragic art. Dionysos wore a grape or ivy wreathe, and in most cases he is seen holding the Kantheros, a two-handled wine cup, and the Thyrsus, his wand.1 The Thyrsus has a pine- cone on top of it, which represents Dionysoss naturalistic and wild side. A leopard also accompanies him in most Greek mythology, and also represents the wild and dangerous side of Dionysos. Dionysos is wild and scraggly at first, with long hair and a beard; later he became young and clean-shaven .In later Roman myth and art Dionysos is again bearded, but now is an older figure, calm and collected. Also he has no kantheros, no thrysus, and no leopard by his side. Although Roman art presents Dionysos this calm way, Roman Mythology does not describe him as th! The reason this discrepancy between Roman and Greek myths is accepted is because the worship of Roman Gods was much different than that of ancient Greece. Since the object of Roman worship was to secure the cooperation of the deities, an elaborate system of rites and customs grew up. This Roman worship was based on a diversity of original cults. Rome was also outstanding for tolerating different religions and beliefs- so long as they did not threaten state control.1 This allowed for much change to take place through out all of Rome, especially in worship of controversial religious ideas. Roman art was closely modeled on Hellenistic Greek art. Many great works of Greek sculpture representing the Gods have survived only as Roman copies. Early Roman representations of the gods tended to stress the fact that they were super- humans with the best of human phys

Top 10 Characteristics of Successful and Creative Women

Top 10 Characteristics of Successful and Creative Women If you haven’t seen Wonder Woman yet, add it to your to-do list: you will be newly inspired to kick butt and take names. If you want to be all the woman you can be and achieve the great things you know you’re destined for, then there are a few things you can try to increase your chances of world domination. Turns out, women who achieve amazing things tend to have a few traits in common. Here are a few that you can attempt to cultivate or recognize in yourself.1. AssertivenessIf you find yourself backing into requests or questions and/or constantly apologizing for yourself, then you might need to harden your assertiveness quotient. Trade in your inner pussycat for an inner tiger. Just try not to be too ferocious to over-compensate.2. EmpathyA lot of women think that â€Å"typically female† traits like empathy are to be downplayed, when instead they should be considered an asset. Empathy means you can listen and understand where other people are coming from- their needs and feelings and desires. Learn to be understanding and intuitive, without getting derailed by sentimentality.3. PassionYou may have lots of skill and experience, but without passion for what you’re doing, you’re likely not to elevate your work to the next stage. Loving what you do means innovating, striving, challenging yourself. And it makes the time you put in pleasurable and worth every moment of your journey to the top. Passion also brings energy, which you’ll need to persevere.4. ImperfectionTrying to be â€Å"perfect† or expecting perfection from those around you is a one-way ticket to everyone being miserable. Really successful women know this isn’t possible all the time. Embrace your flaws. Find people who complement your strengths. And keep your head down. Be the best you can be at each thing, then move on.5. PowerRise to the top. Once you get there, you get to write your own rules. You’ll find, paradoxically, that the higher up you go, the easier your life gets. You’ll have more control in the kind of workplace you create for yourself and your employees.6. FaithBelieve in yourself. Believe that you will be successful. Believe in your crazy ideas. And be ready to think on your feet in order to realize them. You could also call this ego- the confidence to get done what you need to get done (rather than the inflated head variety).7. AdaptabilityIf stress flummoxes you, then you might have a hard time in your rise to success. You’ll feel more capable of handling this amount of stress at different times, of course, but in general, the more you build up your tolerance the better. Find ways to make your life as restful, de-stressed, and easy as possible. And concentrate your mental energy on the work at hand, rather than hyperventilation.8. CourageWhat would you do if you had no fear? Taking risks doesn’t necessarily mean doing reckless things, but it does mean making calculated decisions and trying things that might be considered â€Å"risky.†9. Self careReally successful people rest as hard as they play. They take good physical care of themselves: exercising and eating right, taking mental health days if possible, and knowing when to say â€Å"no† and when to take alone time, etc. They’re able to step away from their never ending to-do lists and do something that will keep them going with enough fuel to keep powering through.10. GratitudeReally successful women realize that their success did not occur in a vacuum- both at home and at work. And they are able to say thank you and express genuine gratitude and appreciation to the people who have helped them get where they are. They treat their colleagues with kindness and respect and receive respect and admiration in return.

Marketing and Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing and Supply Chain Management - Essay Example It is in this particular instance that each of the individual companies shows their prowess and showcases what type of management they have and how stable that management is. Adversities always call for the greatest minds to work out the best management cues that will definitely allow the company to withstand any turbulent moment and engage the stakeholders in every aspect of the decision-making pyramid. Relationship management is the main source of relief for any company that is seeking leverage in economic hardships (Goldberg 2001, p. 11). However, these relationship management strategies may come with even worse effects if not handled properly. Thus, understanding what the company requires and how this can be achieved with minimal changes is an essential step towards meeting the goals of the company. The maximum is expected but this has to be approached in a slow but sure manner (Bowersox, Closs and Cooper 2002, p. 33). As will be witnessed in this report, the case of ChemCo indus tries is one significant study that will help us understand the importance of key accounting management, the relevance of relationship management and how a mishap in implementing either can lead to total disaster. The case study will also be used to investigate the impact of KAM as applied by the company and what impact it had on its stakeholder sin the long run. The report will also explore the different ways and means through which internal and external relationships can be harmonized to create a company that has better and stronger economic outlook despite the challenges they face. Supply Chain Management and Business-to-Business Marketing Business –to-Business marketing can be defined under the notion of the changing relationships between the organisations engaging in either supplying or distribution of products amongst each other. They may be defined as the continuing interactions between the two parties rather than a sequence of encounters where manipulation of prices o r demand is done by the supplier as they engage with suspicious customers (Hoegh 2008, p. 302). This can be related to the fact that those given the chance to deal with the marketing strategies may have competing interests in the business which may hinder rational decision making when the company is in question this may be witnessed and confirmed by the fact that ChemCo’s KAM manager decided what prices were to be set for certain clients while neglecting others in a bid to win over clients during their downhill financial trend. When dealing with the market and the organisation, there is something called marketing logistics that needs to be reconsidered to help understand what is expected in any setting. The market logistics are aimed at critically analysing the relationships between the two parties. This is where theories such as the 4P’s, Porter’s five force analysis and PCDA model of quality control come into focus. The company looks at the best ways through w hich their products can be attractive, how their prices and processes can be maintained or altered to improve their appeal to their clients or how they can analyze their processes and improve them to meet the demands of the clients (Hines 2004, p. 66). As such, any supply chain manager will seek to use even broader logistics to come up with a strategy that suits the entire chain and works at meeting the goals of the company whether by including the subsidiaries or delegating duties and targets for each of the subsidiaries to achieve (Mentzer et. al. 2001, p. 3). However, it is crucial to understand that chain management does not exclude even the smallest retailers in the chain. Instead, as a manager, considering the benefits of

Enhanced whistle blower protections Research Paper

Enhanced whistle blower protections - Research Paper Example whistleblower is risky, the essay discusses various ways to protect them from elements that want to harm them to prevent them from sharing the information they possess. Whistleblowers fall into two categories. They include internal and external whistleblowers. Internal whistleblowers are the individuals who report discrepancies and misconducts of colleagues or their superiors to the management. Several reasons would motivate an employee to become a whistleblower. They include corruption, nepotism and sexual harassment. External whistleblowers are the individuals who disclose misconducts within the company to outside entities. They include lawyers, the media, police or watchdog agencies like anticorruption organizations. External whistleblowers are usually motivated by moral or selfish reasons. Opinions concerning whistleblowers differ from different people. To some, whistle blowing is as an act of selflessness while others accuse them of pursuing fame, fortune, greed and personal glory. This persecution of whistleblowers mostly comes from the affected or implicated individuals who want to discredit them to absolve themselves of the accusations. Individuals who want to prevent the disclosure of information often target whistleblowers. It becomes a dangerous situation with whistleblowers fearing for their lives as they get pursued. Countless whistleblowers have been killed while others have been forced into exile because they exposed the corruption in an organization. These actions led to the creation of witness protection agencies, which offer protection to whistleblowers when and until they finish presenting their proof of the misconducts to the relevant authorities. For example, the United States has several institutions that protect whistleblowers. They include the National Whistleblowers Center that protects whistleblowers from discrimination from the organization or their fellow employees. This act protects whistleblowers` identities from disclosure. It

Personality psychology Essay Example for Free

Personality psychology Essay

The Clouds :: essays research papers

CLOUDS Production The setting of the Clouds requires two doors in the skene, one representing Strepsiades's house and the other, the Thinkery, both in the city of Athens. The play begins with Strepsiades and Pheidippides sleeping in their beds. Since the ancient Greek theater had no curtain, these two men in their beds had to be carried out in full view of the audience by stagehands (probably slaves) and placed in front of one of the doors of the skene representing Strepsiades's house. The audience was no doubt expected to imagine that this was an indoor scene, because it was not usual for Greeks to sleep outside. This assumption is strengthened by the fact that, since Pheidippides is sleeping under five blankets, the weather is cool, which would make it even less likely that this was intended as an outdoor scene. The method of presenting the scholarly activities that go on inside the Thinkery is by no means certain. K. J. Dover (Aristophanic Comedy, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1972, 107) suggests two possibilities. The students could come out of the door of the skene carrying their apparatus with them, which they could leave behind when they go back inside. Another possibility is that a screen made of canvas and wood with a door, held from behind by stagehands, could conceal the students until Strepsiades asks that the door be opened. The stagehands then could remove this screen revealing the students and their equipment. When the students are ordered to go back inside, they could go through a door of the skene which then would become the door of the Thinkery for the rest of the play. One other aspect of production needs to be mentioned. Socrates first appears in the play suspended in air. The means of his suspension is undoubtedly the mechane, which in tragedy is mostly used for gods, but in comedy is used for any character who needs to fly or just be in the air. Aristophanes's Comic Portrait of Socrates Although there is something of the real Socrates1 in the character of the same name in the Clouds, it is clear that Aristophanes's depiction of Socrates in the Clouds is in good part a comic distortion. Socrates was a well-known figure in Athens who was popularly perceived as an intellectual. Aristophanes, taking advantage of this popular perception, arbitrarily places him at the head of the Thinkery, in which subjects such as rhetoric and astronomy are taught.

Customer benefit package (CBP) diagram for Gold’s Gym Essay

Gold’s Gym International, Inc. is an American chain of international co-ed fitness centers (commonly referred to as â€Å"gyms†). Each gym features with a wide array of exercise equipment, group exercise classes and personal trainers to assist clients. So the primary services of the Gyms is to provide a wonderful and professional environement for people who want to do bodybuilding and physical education. It is considered a landmark in the bodybuilding subculture. Gold’s Gym locations are equipped with cardiovascular and strength training equipment and offer group exercise classes such as group cycling, pilates, Latin dance, yoga and stretching through the company GGX (Gold’s Group Exercise) program. Many gyms also offer basketball, swimming pools and boxing studios so these are Gold’gyms’s peripheral service. 2. The mission of the Gold’gyms is to help people find their inner strengths to achieve goals. No matter what your fitness level is. Anything is possible when coming to Gold’gyms. 3. The strategy of the Gold’Gyms is to provide the best facilities for trainers and also bring benefits to membership. They focus on 4 â€Å"P†. Product : Equipment and training programs for health and fitness vary among facilities Certified staff and employees. Price: Membership fees and plans range depending on gym  $34.99 for a two-year commitment to $569 for a one-year membership that includes group sessions. Promotion: Gold’s Gym have their own website so we can easily find infortmation, searching for training progames and applying the a training course, also they have Tumblr, Facebook, Twitter Gold’s Gym Spotter App and Commercials. Everything is public so it gets closer to customers. Place : with 600+ gyms in 37 states and 30 different countries. Gold’gyms are gaining more and more customers every single year. 4. The competitive priorities of Gold’gym are: Currently have the 3rd largest market share. Has 600+ gyms in 30 countries. Have a history of being a body-building gym Recognizable logo. Large line of products in store. The favorite place for many celebrities. 5. The core competencies of Gold’gym is :  They encourage people to define their own strength no matter what their fitness level is. 6. The strategy that they used to win customers is : Providing the best environment for people who want to do bodybuilding. With their reputation, the Gyms always provide most professional space for trainer. With well-trained staffs and employees. Gold’s gyms have built their own images without any kind of lobby or PR. 7. Two key perfomances matrix which could be useful are : Full body analysis : This will help the Gyms to what will be the best method to people to train in the whole body. The body will be trained in fully and healthiest way. Focus on the 18-34 year olds : When people reach to 18, and from 18 to 25 years old: bonds and body structure are built quite good so it is the best time for them to do a professional bodybuilding, in additional, they also have many free time than others. From 25 to 34: They already have jobs so the pressure of job may effect their body so they really need to practice to relax and become healthier in order to work better. If the Gyms can focus on these two things, I believe that they can even gain more profits and become the best fitness centers in the world

Module 5 Lab (5.09) Essay

Your first lab link can be found at Temper Tantrums. A written transcript is also available for this lab. 1.How can parents avoid temper tantrums? ⠁Æ'To avoid temper tantrums parents can be better prepared for the situation so when it happens they know what to do. 2.What are the A, B, Cs? ⠁Æ'A stands for the attributes you want your child to have ⠁Æ'B stands for the behavior you want to go along with those attributes. ⠁Æ'C stands for the consequence that will be given, positive or negative. 3.Do you think using consequences and following the ABC process will help shape a child’s behavior? Why or why not? ⠁Æ'Yes, I think using consequences and following the ABC process will help shape a child’s behavior because it gives the child a set of expectations you want from them and because naturally humans are born to please they are going to try their hardest to live by those expectations you have provided them. Your second lab link can be found at Developing Language Skills in Babies. A written transcript is also available for this lab. 1.What are some of the reasons why people may not talk to babies as much today as they used to? ⠁Æ'We don’t really know the exact reason why people are not talking to their babies as much some may say it is due to the busy life style we have or that everyone is isolated within the house and not together as a family in a room. 2.Why do you think developing language skills is important for a child? ⠁Æ'Developing language skills as a child is important because when children are younger it is easier for them to learn and develop and they should learn to be good communicators. 3.What are some of the ways that parents can encourage the development of language skills? ⠁Æ'One way parents can help encourage development of language skills is by giving them their undivided attention and contently talking to them because most of their learning is through imitation. Your third lab link can be found at The Importance of Bedtime Reading. A written transcript is also available for this lab. 1.How many parents never read to their children at bedtime according to the study? What might prevent parents from reading to children? ⠁Æ'One in ten parents never read their children bed time stories. Being busy with other things is what prevents parents from reading their children bedtime stories. 2.What are some of the benefits of reading to children? Include infancy through young school age children. ⠁Æ'Some benefits is it teaches children skills such as concentrating and listening. 3.Did your parents or other caregivers read to you as a child? What effect do you think this had on you? ⠁Æ'Yes my parents read to me when i was a child and i think the affect it had on me was it made me a better listener.

Italian Slang Dictionary and Expressions

Italian Slang Dictionary and Expressions Want to understand common slang words and colloquial expressions in Italian? Below is an Italian slang dictionary with definitions in English. Italian Slang Dictionary A accidente m. nothing, zip; (lit.): an accident.alito puzzolente m. bad breath; (lit.): stinking breath.allocco m. a stupid person, a jerk; (lit.): an owl.alzare il gomito exp. to drink; (lit.): to raise an elbow.amore a prima vista exp. love at first sight: È stato amore a prima vista! It was love at first sight!avere un chiodo fisso in testa exp. to be fixated on something; (lit.): to have a nail fixed in the head. Tommaso pensa a Maria giorno e notte. Lui ha davvero un chiodo fisso in testa Thomas thinks about Maria day and night. Hes truly fixated on her. B balena f. a very fat man or woman, a fatso, fat slob; (lit.): a whale.beccare qualcuno v. to hit on someone, to pick someone up; (lit.): to peck.bel niente m. nothing, zip; (lit.): a beautiful nothing.bischero m. (Tuscany) a stupid person, a jerk.boccalone m. a big mouth, a gossip; (lit.): an enormous mouth. C ceffo m. (pejorative) ugly mug.chiudere il becco v. to shut up, to shut ones trap; (lit.): to close the beak.cicciobomba n. a fatso, fat slob; (lit.): fat bomb.colpo di fulmine exp. love at first sight; (lit.): a thunderbolt (of love).come il cacio sui maccheroni exp. just what the doctor ordered; (lit.): like cheese on macaroni. D da parte exp. aside.donnaccia f. (pejorative) slut, hussy.donnaiolo m. womanizer, playboy, flirt.due parole exp. a few words; (lit.): two words. E essere in gioco exp. to be at stake.essere nelle nuvole exp. to daydream; (lit.): to be in the clouds.essere un po di fuori exp. to be a little wacky, to be out of ones mind; (lit.): to be a little bit out. F fannullone m. a lazy bum; (lit.): do-nothing (from fare nulla, meaning to do nothing).fare il grande exp. to show off, to act like someone big; (lit.): to do the big.fare impazzire qualcuno exp. to drive someone crazy; (lit.): to make someone crazy.farsi bello(a) v. to doll oneself up.farsi una canna to have a joint.farsi una ragazza (trivial) to score with a girl.fuori come un balcone drunk.fuori di testa exp. to be out of ones mind; (lit.): to be out of ones head. G grassone/a n. a very fat man or woman, a fatso, fat slob.grattarsi la pancia exp. to twiddle ones thumbs; (lit.): to scratch ones stomach.gruzzolo m. nest egg.guastafesta n. a party pooper; (lit.): a party spoiler. I in gran parte exp. largely.in orario exp. on time.in verit exp. as a matter of fact.inghiottire il rospo exp. to eat crow; (lit.): to swallow a toad. L la vita di Michelaccio exp. the life of Riley.leccapiedi exp. brownnoser; (lit.): feet-licker.levataccia very early rising; fare una levataccia: to get up very early [or at an ungodly hour].libro giallo exp. detective or mystery story; (lit.): yellow book.limonare (familiar, regional) to make out.locale m. club or night club.   M mettere paglia al fuoco exp. to tempt fate; (lit.): to add straw to the fire.mettersi insieme exp. to start a serious relationship, to tie the knot.mollare qualcuno exp. to dump someone; (lit.): to let go of someone, to release someone.morire di/dalla noia exp. to die of boredom. N nocciolo della questione exp. crux of the matter.nuotare nelloro exp. to be rolling in money; (lit.): swimming in gold.nuovo di zecca exp. brand new; (lit.): new from the mint. O occhiataccia f. dirty look.oggi come oggi exp. as matters now stand.olio di gomito exp. elbow grease.ora di punta exp. rush hour. P parolaccia f. dirty word.piazzaiolo m. (pejorative) vulgar, mob-.pigrone/a n. a. a lazy bum (from the masculine noun pigro, meaning someone who is idle); (lit.): big lazy bum.pisello m. (popular) penis.portare male gli anni exp. not to age well; (lit.): to carry the years badly.puzzare da fare schifo exp. to stink to high heaven; (lit.): to smell/stink to disgust. Q quattro gatti exp. only a few people; (lit.): four cats. R ricco sfondato exp. rolling in money; (lit.): endlessly rich.roba da matti exp. crazy.rompere il ghiaccio exp. to break the ice.rosso come un peperone exp. as red as a beet; (lit.): as red as a pepper. S saccente (un/una) n. a know-it-all, a smart-ass; (lit.): from the verb sapere, meaning to know.saputo/a n. a know-it-all, a smart-ass; (lit.): from the verb sapere, meaning to know.scoreggia f. (pl. -ge) (vulgar) fart.scoreggiare v.i. (vulgar) to fart.scemo/a n. a stupid person, a jerk; (from the verb scemare, meaning to shrink or diminish).sfatto f. (trivial) worn out after a night of debauchery.sgualdrina f. (pejorative) trollop, strumpet, harlot, tart.spettegolare v. to gossip; (lit.): to tattle. T tabula rasa exp. a clean slate.tappo m. a very short guy; (lit.): cork.testona pelata f. a bald guy; (lit.): big peeled head.tirare un bidone a qualcuno exp. to stand someone up on a date or appointment; (lit.): to throw a trash can at someone.tutto sale e pepe exp. lively, cheerful; (lit.): all salt and pepper. U uggioso/a n. (Tuscany) boring; (lit.): an annoying person.ultima parola exp. last word, bottom line. V valere la pena exp. to be worth the trouble; (lit.): worth the grief or sorrow.vaso di Pandora exp. Pandoras box; (lit.): Pandoras vase.veloce come un razzo exp. as fast as a bullet; (lit.): as fast as a rocket.vivere alla giornata exp. to live from hand to mouth.volente o nolente exp. like it or not; (lit.): willing or unwilling. Z zitellona f. (pejorative) old maid. For more explicit expressions, try Italian Adult Slang.

So You Want to Study Abroad (6 Things to Consider)

So You Want to Study Abroad (6 Things to Consider) So You Want to Study Abroad (6 Things to Consider) More and more people choose to study abroad these days. And why not? You get to travel, meet new people, learn about a different culture and earn a college degree at the same time! But studying abroad requires a bit of preparation, so make sure you’ve considered the following factors†¦ 1. Length of Placement Different placements are available depending on how long you want to spend studying abroad. This ranges from a few weeks or a single semester, to full degree programs for those who want to really throw themselves into an overseas experience! 2. Where to Go This is the big one! Where should you study? Some of the most common places for U.S. students to study are in Europe, but it’s possible to study almost anywhere in the world, with other popular destinations including Canada, Mexico, Japan, China and Australia. As well as your personal interest in wherever you decide to study, practical factors to consider include your familiarity with the language (both of the country and the language of instruction), the lifestyle and culture of the place where you’ll be studying, and the tuition and living costs involved. If you really cant decide, throw a dart at a world map and see where it sticks. [Image: Mason Vanks Maps/wikimedia] 3. The Program Once you know where you want to study and the length of placement you’d prefer, it’s time to start looking at different programs. If you’re simply studying abroad for part of your degree, your best option will usually be to apply for a program run by your college. If you want to study abroad for your entire degree, you’ll have to research your chosen destination and apply as an international student. 4. Funding If you have the money to pay for your studies already, you can skip this one. But many of us with dreams of studying abroad would appreciate a little financial help, so it’s worth researching whether funding is available. 5. Entry Requirements and Qualifications The application process for studying abroad differs from institution to institution, so make sure you check carefully and understand the requirements. This will include having the academic qualifications necessary to study your chosen course, as well as providing a resume, a letter of recommendation and possibly proof that you can speak the language of instruction. Some colleges and universities also set admissions tests. The most important thing is starting the application early enough, as that will give you enough time to organize everything before you’re due to begin your studies! 6. Travel Arrangements The final step, once you’ve been accepted on a course, is to organize the travel. And there’s lots to do before booking your flights, including sorting out a visa, making sure you have a valid passport and working out your living arrangements for once you arrive. As with the entry requirements, the key here is knowing what you need to do before travelling to the country where you’ll be studying, as well as leaving plenty of time to make the arrangements. And then its just a case of Bon voyage!

Literary criticism of exegesis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Literary criticism of exegesis - Research Paper Example Luke’s gospel has many features, distinguishing it from other scripts. Since Luke explicitly says that it intends to describe everything in order, the great interest is dedicated to the structure of his Gospel and its comparison with the other parts of the Holy Bible. He uses the same general scheme as Matthew and Mark, although the details of the structure have a lot of specific features. Analyzing the verse of Luke 9:18-36, we can see a lot of peculiarities, which arise during the reading of the script. The context, preceding this verse reveals the following. Sending to the service his twelve disciples, Jesus gave them two assignments. They were to preach the kingdom of God and to heal the sick people. They were able to commit this will, because Jesus gave them power over the world of demons and above the sphere of physical ailments. Christ Himself has revealed His power over both of these areas. Healing must have been performed particularly by the disciples as the evidence of their faith. That fact that Jesus gave them the appropriate "power" represents Him as the Messiah, who has the ability to enter a person into the kingdom of God. From this moment people had to show their faith also in relation to the twelve disciples, because in this way they would have revealed their faith in the Messiah. Hosting the disciples was the indicator, which revealed the confidence of people in them. The mission of disciples was not long and soon they returned to Jesus with the report.

Environmental geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Environmental geography - Essay Example Scientists agree that hunting played a more significant role in the formation and life of the ancient people, and thereby determined its development. Speaking of hunting, hunting methods used by ancient people should be noted. Hunting for large animals is difficult to imagine without the use of specific method. However, those hunting tools used by Neanderthals were too fragile and not allowed to deal with such animals. Hunting process more than anything else has stimulated the development of collectivism: hunting on large animals was always performed with all the forces of the primitive community. It is the labor process which from the beginning to the end helped to unite members of society. Finally, thousand-year experience and knowledge about the world gave the way from the difficult situation. Primitive man began not only to take from nature, but to restore its wealth. People have long noticed that the corns of plants that fall into good ground subsequently germinated. They also realized that the small little animals, found during hunting, should not be killed. People began to sow grain deliberately and domesticate and breed animals. In the Mesolithic dog was domesticated. Gradually in the Neolithic period primitive people moved from hunting and gathering to agriculture and animal husbandry, by appropriating management practices to reproduction. This transition has been called the Neolithic revolution. Agriculture was spread on the land with the most favorable conditions: the warm climate, fertile soil, wild grasses. The invention of agriculture and animal husbandry, according to scientists, determined the future of mankind. From now, there were unprecedented prospects for increasing the necessary of food for human life. Agriculture provided a person with a constant number of necessary products, the production of which it could control.

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy - Essay Example The seal's flippers are composed of living cells that needs constant blood oxygen supply. The dilemma is that the circulation of blood to the flippers will bring back ice-cold venous blood to the interior of the seals body. This dilemma is solved with the counter-current exchange system that is existent in these animals' flippers. Venae comitantes are veins that surround the limb arteries of the seals to prevent the return of cold venous blood to the body of the seal(Koeslag, 1995). Before the oxygenated blood enters the arteries of the flippers, the heat which is present that blood releases its heat through the venae comitantes to the cold venous blood. The oxygenated blood that enters the flipper arteries is cold as it circulates the flippers but when in enters the veins through the venae comitantes it is warmed near the body temperature (35C) utilizing the heat that it released before its entry in the flipper artery. Thus, the counter-current exchange mechanism of the seals' flippers prevent the alteration of the normal internal body temp of the animal which is 37C even though blood is continuously circulating to the flippers(Koeslag, 1995). Human beings also have a counter-current mechanism that is similar to that of the seals. ... The limbs of human beings are equipped with a counter-current system that maintains the normal temperature of the blood flows from the limbs during cold weather(Koeslag, 1995). Closely at the deep center of the limbs, the arteries of humans are strategically located. These arteries are also surrounded by venae comitantes or deep veins which receives the blood that circulated the limb arteries for transportation to the center of the cardiovascular system. The normal temperature of human blood is 37C so the oxygenated blood before entering the limb arteries transfers the heat to the venae comitantes making the oxygenated blood cold to about 20C. Then before entering the veins of the limbs the deoxygenate blood is warm to 37C in the venae comitantes. The temperature of the blood that is returned to the heart therefore remained unaltered that is still 37C. The process of blood circulation in the limbs in cold weather is slow to facilitate the function of the counter-current system(Koeslag, 1995). During warm weather that counter-current system of the human limbs is switched off because the circulation of blood to the limbs is increased compromising this system. The venae comitantes is not utilized instead the blood from the limb arteries return to through the subcutaneous veins. The blood circulating during hot weather is cooled with the facilitative dilation of the superficial veins and constriction of the venae comitantes(Koeslag, 1995). Question number 2: Camel or Camelus spp. are dessert animals that posses this taxonomic characteristic: Kindon Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Mammalia, Order

UN peacekeeping operations

UN peacekeeping operations â€Å"Why are the UN peacekeeping operations rarely successful? Explain using appropriate examples†. A. Introduction With the end of the Cold War, a new generation of peacekeeping operation was born. On the one hand, the deadlock situation lived before in the Security Council was overcame for a more coordinated one. On the other hand, â€Å"almost all new armed conflicts have occurred within the territories of a sovereign state† (Doyle and Sambanis, 2006, p.3). This new frame claimed for a more robust peacekeeping operations able to deal with intrastate conflicts. As the 1990s passed, UN experienced difficulties to reach it objectives, changing the initial optimism for a more pessimistic position. The complexity of intrastate conflicts -waged within the population, with weak governments and serious humanitarian problems- required multidimensional peacekeeping missions. During this decade, interventions into states in conflict were justified as humanitarian intervention. Peace operations carried on during this time leaved a negative trace -Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda. The rarely successful of UN peace operations drove the organization to consider a serious change on the peace operation structure. The lack of consistency and determination of the mandates could not be sustained any longer. In words of the Secretary-General Kofi Annan peace operations are meant â€Å"(†¦) to intervene: to prevent conflict where we can, to put a stop to it when it has broken out, or -when neither of those things is possible- at least to contain it and prevent it from spreading† (Kofi Annan, 1999, p.4). The results of this change of lenses are the UN mandates in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL 1999-2005) and Haiti MINUSTAH (2004-Present). However, further consequences of this shift will come with the consolidation of the Brahimi Report (2000) in future missions. The aim of the present essay is to offer a critical analysis of the effectiveness of UN peace operations launched in the post-Cold War period, supporting the arguments with examples of the most controversial peace operations of 1990s -UNOSOM and UNAMIR. To get this approach, the structure of this essay is composed by three sections. This first one introduces the main characteristic of peace operations, articulating an understanding of the modus operandis of UN and the key problems. The second section comments the main difficulties that the coordination between the political sphere (UN) and the operational sphere (battlefield) has been facing in concrete situations -Somalia and Rwanda- showing the deterministic connection of events. Finally, a brief conclusion with the main findings and future expectations. B. Burying the seed of failure. ‘Peacekeeping is a complicated concept with complicated uses. Being the result of a difficult coordination between the political sphere UN, Secretary-General, Security Council and Member States and the operational sphere type of conflict, geographical area, and parties confronted-, peacekeeping operations lacked the consistency that should had to be effective. The problems begin with the absence of a definition of peacekeeping in the Charter of United Nations. There is no specific Article of Chapter that refers precisely to what peacekeeping operation entails, the criteria to establish it, or guidelines for it deployment.[1] According to the Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali (1992) peace operations concern ‘the deployment of a United Nations presence in the field, hitherto with the consent of all the parties concerned, with the aim to terminate the conflict and recover security in the region. Peacekeeping forces are meant to protect civilians, provide aid, supervised ceasefires, military demobilization and elections in order to bring back the state in conflict into peace and stability. As a result, peace operations during the 1990s were characterized for more complex affairs and much longer duration represented by multidimensional missions. Peace operations are, according to Fridley (2002), all UN missions involving military personnel, mandated by the Security Council and operating under the UN command. Four types of peacekeeping operations can be distinguished: (i) observation missions, (ii) traditional peacekeeping missions, (iii) multidimensional missions, and (iv) enforcement missions. The first three are resolutions taking under the Chapter VI, while the last one is under the Chapter VII (Fortna, 2006, p.6-7). Growing in complexity from one to four, the last two are applied more often since the end of the Cold War to end the conflict and improve the prospects for peace (Doyle and Sambanis, 2006). However, the optimism for a wider peacekeeping with more resources defined by Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali in his Agenda for peace (1992), ended with the opposite results than those expected. I argue in this essay that UN peacekeeping operations rarely succeed due to problems of coordination and determination. Let me go into the main handicaps. Political Sphere United Nations peace operations, as mentioned above, are the result of a mandate emanated from the Security Council (SC). Composed by fifteen members, five of them permanent and with veto power China, France, Russia, United Kingdom and United States (P5) -, the SC is responsible to make resolution after a recommendation for peace mission made by the Secretary-General. To approve the mandate, its required a majority of nine members. Besides the coordination needed to get the minimum votes, the resolution can be block by one of the P5. The decision of one of the members to use the veto power depends on her interest and aspirations the veto problem. This is the first setback on the way to peace. For example, in January of 1997 China used its veto power to block a peace mission to Guatemala designed to verify Guatemalas signed peace accords. The reason why China took this decision was because she did not like Guatemalas close ties to Taiwan.[2] During the process to approve a Resolution, other problems can emerge. The ‘posturing problem is the drafting of an elaborated and abstract resolution that most of the time does not contain what is needed to solve the conflict -too weak, or too pretentious This was the case of Somalia; one of the objectives of UNOSOM II was the disarmament of the militias, however, the implementation of the mandate was not feasible, specially after the withdraw of USA troops. The ‘coordination problem arrives when the great powers should define the nature of the conflict and take the most effective way to solve it; this is the crux for a appropriate design of a successful operation. However, this coordination problem is the responsible of deliberately vague mandates and a mode to get consensus between the members of the SC. Once a mandate is approved by the SC as a Resolution, the deployment of the peace forces depend on the contribution from Member States, as it is specified in the Fact Sheet of United Nations Peacekeeping. However, the authorization of the deployment does not guarantee its effectiveness.[3] As I discuss next, these inconveniences at the political level affect the operational one; a delayed resolution and an inadequate strategy have terrible consequences on the final result of the peace operation Rwanda (1993), MINURCA (1998).[4] Operational Sphere Intrastate conflicts are difficult to solve. The fundamental distinction between types of civil wars -ethnic, separatism, religion- and the parties involved make each conflict different not only the operational level, but also in the political articulation of it (Byman and Seybolt, 2003). This information should be taken into consideration for the SC to articulate a mandate that responds to the situation. But, the SC responses are not as straight forward. Crisis and its answers are shaped by the decision of those that compose the SC, who are determined by their interest and the internal situation of their country as it was mentioned before with China in 1997. However, when the conflict is considered ‘a threat to peace and the SC is able to articulate a Resolution, the intervention should be legitimized. Intervention can only take place when the state is (i) engaging in a systematic human right violations, (ii) is incapable of protecting human right violations due to the breakdown of the state authority, or (iii) when the government in power is unlawfully constituted (Semb, 2000). Justified in terms of humanitarian claims under Chapter VII (Articles 41 and 42)[5], the intervention must have the voluntary consent of the parties to the presence and activity involved in the mission[6]. (Fridley, 2002). The mandate is to relieve humanitarian crisis, as it was the case of Somalia (UN OSOM 1993) when the state breakdown. The success of the operational sphere depends, then, on the adequacy between the mandate and the conflict situation. Coordination The two spheres must be well coordinated to terminate the conflict. Different situation can be originated from this. It could be the case that the lack of interest form the member states to intervene generates the absence of intervention or a more complicated bargaining process to involve state members on the mission . As Wilson (2003) stress, â€Å"in the post-Cold War era the absence of a UN military capacity has meant that when the SC has at least been able to use its Character VII powers at an unprecedented rate, it has been forced to rely on a decentralized approach to enforcement the action and entrust operations to those actors willing to conduct them on its behalf†. Most of the time, this calculation is made in terms of cost-benefit analysis; when the conflict provides more loses than gains, the state will be reluctant to provide troops at the beginning of Rwanda crisis in 1993, most Member States where not interested to intervene. But, this is a double-sided sword. States can also see the opportunity to defend her interest as it was the case of UK in Sierra Leone in 1999 and Franc e in Rwanda. It could also be the case that the SC approves a Resolution and Member States agree to provide the troops as it was the case of USA with Bosnia (1992) and Somalia (1992) respectively. However, when the purpose of the mission is not clear, the precision on the solving-conflict situation is inexistent and incoherent, creating a disarticulates mission. This difficulty can be solved. Resolutions already deployed are reinforced by the events on the conflict area; a new Resolution can then answer the needs of the conflict. This was the case, for example, of UNOSOM I and a later UNOSOM II. However, when the Secretariat is not supportive enough, there is not real response to the conflict situation, and then, the mission failed Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali with UNAMIR. The complexity of levels and coordination between the spheres and within them are not following any patter. Although, the interdependence between decision-making -systematic setbacks that decrease the possibilities to obtain a coherent mandate- and conflict events -the necessity of a strong mandate to operate consistently- determines the character and effectiveness of the mission. Gilligan and Stedman (2003) address the vagueness of this UN internal process, â€Å"standards of the UN provide little guidance as to the actual decisions of the Security Council regarding when and where peacekeepers will be deployed†. This links the criteria problem; UN decision between Chapter VI or Chapter VII to generate the mandate that will determine the core of the peace operation. Mandates under Chapter VI lack the strength needed UNMOP (1996-2002) -, and mandates of enforcement under Chapter VII are costly for state members UNOSOM (1992-1995).[7] The inadequacy of institutional structure to respond effectively, the intermittent communication between spheres, and the vacuity of the mandates ended with the dominant tendency to fail. By the end of 1990s, UN was aware of this setback. The result to this declined support for peacekeeping operations was the Brahimi Report (2000). Composed by fifty-seven explicit recommendations and over one hundred implicit ones, it was prepared for the Millennium Summit. It claims for a relation between the magnitude of the conflict and the resourced and supported operation deployed to solve it. It also stresses (i) the need of criteria to avoid the intervention in conflicts that cannot be solved, and well-supported plans when it is required an intervention; (ii) a better understanding of the conflict, and coherence between the mandate and the real situation. (iii) This implies more flexible administrations rules capable to show in the Resolution a â€Å"greater delegation of authority to the field†; (iv) Clear and concrete mandates; (v) and, last but not least, a rapid deployment of the peace operation to be ready to operate within week six and twelve. Since then, a slightly modified typology has been applied. Mission as UN MIL (2003-Present), MINUSTAH (2004-Present), and UNAMID (2007-Present) were designed under this focus.[8] From my point of view, this repost stresses the most controversial points that generate inappropriate mandates. However, this only recommends certain actions on the operational sphere that can help to increase the effectiveness of the peace missions. It does not mention that the problem of coordination also involves part of the structure of UN. Even though it is possible to improve the articulation between the two spheres, states members can provide or move back troops from the operation if they consider it appropriate, interest will remain in the atmosphere of the SC, and the criteria for intervention will depend on the SC decision. Hence, the Brahimi Report is a valid document to improve the immediate problems, but does not mention the roots of them. C. Harvesting failures. The problematic coordination between the political level and the operational one, and also problems within the structure of peacekeeping operations, carry with it another obstacle: time. Since the beginning of the conflict till the deployment of the peace forces, the conflict has different picks of intensity. During this time, more elements are involved in the conflict (children soldiers, natural resources) and more destruction is generated (infrastructure, deaths, famine, etc). The longer it takes to deploy the peace operation, the more complex it will be to solve the magnitude of the problem. And this was the case of most UN peace operations during the 1990s. Nonetheless, the complexity and wide range of areas that the mission should cover, made the peace operations complicated to assess. A problem arrives then, the criteria to determine how much forces and commitments should be taken to solve each conflict. It is generally argued that UN â€Å"should have been done less in Somalia, and cold have done much more in Rwanda† (Frarrel, 2007). The case of MONUC (1999-Present), UN mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo, is a good example. The recommended force of 6,000 troops is too small to present a credible military deterrence, but is too large for a symbolic presence considering the extension of the territory; the lack of infrastructure represented and extra complication to an already difficult operation. In same line of a criteria problem, we also have the lack of consistency in the decision-making of UN -discussed in the former section. Generally, in peace operations, the objectives are not well defined. Mandates produced by the UNSC can be indecisive, written with abstract concepts that make its application inconsistent with the real conflict -too pretentious for the force deployed or too scarce for the actual need. Military commanders will applied the mandate as precisely as possible to solve the actual situation where they find, but this does not solve the problem. The unity of command is another setback. On the one hand, troops are provided by a number of Member States, with different training and equipment. The motley composition of troops needs to operate with determination, a good coordination and synchronization. However, such adequation in time and space is nearly idealistic. On the other hand, the states members that provided troops can end their cooperation to the mission if they consider that their troops are in serious threat cost-benefit analysis. This was the case of USA in Somalia during UNOSOM II, who showed to be really sensitive to casualties withdrawing its forces after the death of eighteen soldiers. Here I describe two of the most sounded UN peace missions that gather together all the difficulties mentioned before: UNOSOM, and UNAMIR.[9] The reason why I chose these two cases is the relation that connects the two: the passive reaction to the later one was a consequence of the negative results of the former. The first conflict represents the new challenges that peace operations faced at the beginning of the 1990s. The second one a passive attitude toward the conflict, consequence of the Bosnia (1992-1995) and Somalia (1992-1995) failures. Somalia (1992-1995) United Nations Operations in Somalia (UNOSOM I) was deployed in mid-1992 when the country reached the lower situation of her civil war and a terrible famine hit her population. The civil conflict took the country into a complete anarchic situation, where the distribution of aid failed landlords manipulated it as power. By the end of the summer of 1992, 300,000 Somalis were dead. The UNSC approved the Resolution 794 to let UNITAF, a US 37,000-strong force, to resolve the situation and establish the adequate situation for a proper distribution of aid. However, by December 1992, 95% of the population was malnourished and 70% in imminent danger of death by starvation (Western, 2002, p.115). The mandate was created to demilitarized zones to get a better distribution of the aid. In mid-1993 UNOSOM II was deployed with 28,000-strong UN force to fulfil a more ambitious mandate: the disarmament of the parties and the reconstruction of the Somalia government. However, all the efforts were truncated; the ceasefire with the warlords was broken when the paramilitary group attacked a UN patrol killing twenty-four Pakistani soldiers. UNSC Resolution 837 determined the end of the conflict; but the result was the opposite when the 3rd of October of 1994 a US helicopter was shot down; eighteen US soldier were killed. The Clinton administration withdraws her troops within months and UNOSOM II kept active till 1995 without a strong leadership and too ambitious objectives to be accomplished. [10] Even though the money invested and the strong military presence in Somalia, UNOSOM II failed in its mandate: to restore a long-term order. The difficulties faced in Somalia made the Security Council members reluctant to engage in similar conflicts, the passive reaction to the genocide in Rwanda can be explained under this focus (Semb 2000). Rwanda (1993-1994) The ethnic conflict in Rwanda ended in a terrible massacre of 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu. The precedent of such irrational situation was an instable political situation when the Hutu-moderate government introduced a multi-party democracy that ended with the exclusion of the Hutu extremists.[11] This radical faction started a terror camping, after the accidental death of the President, to exterminate the Tutsi population of the country. By April of 1993, when the genocide started, there was a UN peacekeeping force with a limited mandated deployed in Rwanda. Composed by 2,500-strong United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) was designed to monitor the ceasefire between the government and the Rwandese Patriotic Front.[12] The peace operation was â€Å"understaffed, under-resourced, and unauthorized to use force to prevent crimes†.[13] The UN response the 27th of April was inadequate: to re-establish the ceasefire. The awaited Resolution 918 to expand UNAMIR to 5,500 troops to protect the population arrived the 17th of May, too late. By July the genocide was already committed. The disintegrated situation in Rwanda was denounced by the UNAMIR Force Commander, Major General Romà ©o Dollaire, in February 1993. The UN could have been able to do much more; if not to stop the genocide, at least it could have reduced the terrible consequences of it. Boutros-Ghali was unable to push an adequate resolution and the SC was blocked by USA and UK. It can be appreciate from the examples examined the difference of commitment to bring into an end the conflict. However, both situation ended in failure. Both cases have in common the weak coordination between the political and operational spheres that generated late and inconsistent mandates. Somalia demonstrates the compromise of USA to finish it, but in the end the situation was reversed and such commitment was shown not to be that strong. Rwanda is in the opposite side of the spectrum, there was no interest part as the failure of Somalia for intervention. After a decade of rarely successful operation, the ‘credibility of UN was damaged, as it was assumed by the UNSC in November 2000, Resolution 1327. D. Conclusion: awaiting for a better harvest. The main reasons why UN peacekeeping operations during 1990s rarely succeeded were problems with coordination to approve a resolution and the inconsistence of delayed responses. I argued that the intensity of the conflict aggravated through this ‘decision time determined the structure, durability, complexity, and the final balance of these peacekeeping operation. In a simple line, we can say that the objective of the UN forces were not clear by the time they went into the conflict area. This triggered a whole succession of complications such as a deficient coordination, an irregular institutional behaviour, and the lack of criteria to establish the adequate measure of forces. Missions were then no strong enough to be able to take robust actions against peace spoilers. Overall, missions tended to fail. As I argued before, the complexity of intrastate conflicts and the corresponding peace operation can get worse rather than better if (i) the expected peace operations has not a clear objectives already designed by the time of it implementation, (ii) there is no coordination between the area of the conflict and the SC to empower the strategy to wage the conflict, and (iii) if there is no suitable ‘time-reaction from the authorities to operate on the conflictive area to stop the violence. Conflicts experience different waves of violence, and the grade of destruction increases when the peace forces are not effective. So, the longer the conflict, the more elements are involved, and the more complex the peace operation should be to re-establish peace (e.g. Children soldiers, infrastructure, mechanism of corruption, etc). In other words, the longer to make a resolution and deploy the peacekeeping troops with a specific and consistent mandate, the less effective the operation will be. The structural and functional problems considered here made clear a claim for robust mandates, that is, the implementation of the appropriate force to achieve the mission mandate, to protect civilian in danger, and provide the suitable condition to deploy the mission (Yamashita, 2008). A strong justification must support this type of robust mandates. As it was the case of Sierra Leone in 1999 (UNAMSIL); the Resolution 1313 of the 4th of August of 2000 was the result of the breakdown of the Agreement. This Resolution authorized peacekeepers to deter and counter the threat of RUF responding robustly to any imminent direct use of force (Yamashita, 2008 p. 620). This new direction of peacekeeping has also its institutional consequences. Recently published, the 2008 Principles and Guidelines Material for Peacekeeping[14] outlines the interconnection between the two spheres mentioned before. In order to get that, the SC decisions are influenced by the agreement reached and the parties that compose the conflict. The result of a good coordination will produce a suitable mandate for the conflict see also the Brahimi Repost already mentioned. To sum up, peacekeeping is not risk free, this is the main reason why if UN is going to intervene in a conflict must do it with the strength and consistency required for an effective action. Once the operation is in the conflict, it must be able to complete the mission successfully fruit of the satisfactory coordination between the political sphere and the operational one being able to bring peace where it is needed.[15] The actual deployed missions generated under this new wave of peace keeping MINUSTAH (2004-Present), UMIT (2006-Present), UNAMID (2007-Present) will show if the coordination and consistency problems, that were the pulse under which peacekeeping was shaped during the 1990s, has been solved. E. Bibliography. Annan, K. â€Å"Reflections on Intervention† in Kofi Annan, The question of Intervention, New York: United Nations, 1999. A.J. Bellamy, ‘The â€Å"Next Stage† in Peace Operations Theory? International Peacekeeping, Vol. 11, no. 1, 2004, pp. 17-38. J. Boulden (ed.) Dealing with conflict in Africa. (London: Palgrave-McMillan, 2003). D. Byman T. Seybolt, ‘Humanitarian Intervention and Communal Civil Wars: Problems and Alternative Approaches, Security Studies, Vol. 13, No. 1 (Autumn 2003), pp.33-78. Donald, ‘Neutrality, Impartiality and UN Peace-keeping at the Beginning of the 21st Century, International Peace-keeping, Vol. 9., No. 4, (2002), pp. 21-38. J. Darby R. MacGintty, (eds), Contemporary Peacemaking: Conflict, Violence and Peace Processes, (London, Palgrave, 2003) Doyle and Sambanis (2000) â€Å"International Peacebuilding: A theoretical And Quantitative Analysis† American Political Science Review, Vol. 94, No. 4 (Dec. 2000), pp. 779-801. David M. Edelstein, ‘Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail, International Security, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Summer 2004), pp. 49-91. Also useful for following week. T. Farrell, ‘Humanitarian Intervention and Peace Operations, in J. Baylis, J. Wirtz et al, (eds), Strategy in the Contemporary World: An introduction to strategic studies, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 313-334. Fortna, V. (2006). Does peacekeeping work? Shaping belligerents choices after civil war. Oxford: Princeton University. Fortna, V. (2004) â€Å"Does Peacekeeping Keep Peace? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace After Civil War†. In International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Jun. 2004), pp. 269-292. Findlay, T. (2002) The use of force in UN Peace Operations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. M. Goulding, ‘The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping, International Affairs, Vol 69, No 3, 1993, pp. 451-464. J-M. Guehenno, ‘On Challenges and achievements of Reforming UN Peace Operations, International Peacekeeping, Vol 9, No. 1, Spring 2001, pp. 69-80. Guilligan and Stedman (2003) â€Å"Where do the Peacekeepers Go?† International Studies Review, Vol. 5, No. 4, Dissolving Boundaries (Dec. 2003), pp. 37-54. M. Pugh, ‘Peacekeeping and Critical Theory, International Peacekeeping, Vol. 11, no. 1, 2004, pp. 39-58. A. J. Semb, ‘The New Practice of UN-Authorized Interventions: A Slippery Slope of Forcible Interference?, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 37, No. 4, (2000), pp.469-488. The United Nations Blue Books Series, Volume VIII The United Nations and Somalia 1992-1996. (New York: Department of Public Information, 1996). J. Western, ‘Sources of Humanitarian Intervention: Beliefs, Information, and Advocacy in the U.S. Decisions on Somalia and Bosnia, International Security, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Spring 2002), pp. 112-142. G. Wilson, ‘UN Authorized Enforcement: Regional Organisations versus ‘Coalitions of the Willing, International Peace-keeping, Vol. 10, No. 2, (Summer 2003), pp. 89-106. H. Yamashita, Impartial Use of Force in United Nations Peacekeeping, International Peacekeeping, Vol 15, No 5 November 2008, pp. 615 630. [1] J.M. Guà ©henno (2002) [2] Francisco Villagran de Leon, Embassador of Guatemala to Canada (January 1997) for the New York Time, available at [3] The P5 has had the tendency to pas the resolutions, but has not been able to provide the means. [4] Edelstein (2004) [5] Semb (2000) [6] This can take place once a ceasefire agreement for the deployment of peace forces was reached. [7] Doyle and Sambanis, 2006. [8] For more detailed information, [9] Due to the complexity of the intra-state conflicts, I do not discuss the historical facts that composed the each of these operations. I will only concentrate in those events that where significant for the failure of the mission and that allow me to establish a critical analysis of the cases. [10] The United Nations and Somalia (1996), Boulden (2003) [11] Wilson (2003) [12] Boulden (2003). [13] Farrel, T. (2007) p. 320 [14] Available at [15] â€Å"Military intervention is a nasty business. It should never be the first option considered, but sometimes it is the only choice† (Beyman and Seybolt, 2003 p. 77). UN Peacekeeping Operations UN Peacekeeping Operations Peacekeeping was never has been mentioned in the UN Charter, but it has been a very effective means to respond to regional conflicts or civil wars. Peacekeeping, according to Mingst and Karns (2000), is the respond to deadlock of the Security Council to intervene civil wars due to the great veto powers. It helps the implementation of cease-firing agreement, prevents hostilities and it uses troops and civilian personals from the member states that voluntarily contributes their personals. It was first used, he adds, in the late 1940s to monitor the cease-fire agreeing in the land of Palestine and Kashmir. Since 1991, The UN has deployed many peacekeeping operations. It was launched in such countries as, Angola, El Salvador, Western Haiti, Cambodia, Rwanda, Yugoslavia etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Some of which were successful, yet some of which were not. Here, we will only examine on the UN peacekeeping operation in Rwanda (UNAMIR). We will discover whether or not the UNAMIR was successful. Firs t, we will go briefly through the root cause of the conflict inside Rwanda. Second, we will look at UNAMIR mandate to see what task it was assigned to undertake. Later, as it is well-known that this peacekeeping operation was a failure, we will examine on why it was not able to fulfill its job. Yet, we still believe that there were some positive points of this operation too. Therefore, we will also find out what are all those points are. At last, we will come to the conclusion with the outcome of UNAMIR, and answer the objective question, Was the UN peacekeeping operation in Rwanda successful or not? Root Causes of the Conflict In order to understand the root causes of civil war inside Rwanda we need to look back to colonial periods. In one of her research, Heleta (2006) illustrates that Rwanda was made up of majority Hutus and Minority Tutsis. Hutus were mainly lower class people whereas Tutsis were mainly the nobles. They spoke the same language and lived side by side, yet they sometimes intermarried. Since 1890, according to Howard, Rwanda was under the colonization of Germany, and Belgium after the end of World War I. During colonial period, minority Tutsis was in favor of both colonial masters. Rwanda gained independence in 1962 after the majority Hutus raised up against Belgium, who promoted and placed many Tutsis in many positions of the administration. They also threatened the Tutsis to leave the country. Eventually, Major General Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hutu, in 1973, created an authoritarian government after staging a coup. Bruce says, the civil war erupted when Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF), a mo vement which was mainly made of Tutsis, started the offensive in from Ugandan-Rwandan border. After a series of fighting between the RPF and the FAR (Forces Armà ©ss Rwandise) or the government military; and many negotiations resulted in cease firing that did not really last for long, the two warring parties agreed on Arusha Agreement of August 4, 1993. During the peace talks progress, Howard says, a new Hutu movement started to gained power and established their own militias to disrupt the peace talk and reconciliation. This is the Hutu extremist group that plans the genocide of the minority Tutsis. Heleta (2006) says, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Hutu radicals, who saw no other solution to the Hutu-Tutsi problem but to exterminate the entire Tutsis Population in Rwanda. The Arusha agreement was signed by both warring parties, and both parties consented the UN intervention to facilitate the implementation of the agreement. UNAMIR Mandate The UN resolution of peacekeeping operation is authorized by the Security Council to determine the size and its mandate in which any decision requires at least nine out of 15 votes, and is subject to a veto by any of the five permanent members- United States, United Kingdom, Russian Federation, France, and China. Importantly, to implement the peacekeeping operation, the member states are asked to voluntarily contribute in term of troops and civilian polices, equipment, supplies, transportation, and logistical support, and also the General Assembly is responsible for approval of budget and resources of the mission. Each and every United Nation peacekeeping operation is implemented with its own purposes and objectives. A paper that unequivocally describes the purpose and objectives is called mandate. Now we will examine what UNAMIR was originally assigned to do. From the outset, UNAMIR was created to facilitate the implementation of the Arusha agreement. The mandate stated that UNAMIR would observe the cease-fire, provide security and stability in Kigali, ensure the disarmament and create the non-military zone, assist in land mine clearance activity, monitor human right and the return of refugees, and prepare for the election. As it was implemented under the Chapter VI of the UN, the use of its force was strictly limited for only self-defense (Howard, 2008). Later, after the eruption of the mass killing, UNAMIR mandate was extended to mediate the two warring parties, protect the civilian who sought refuge with UNAMIR and provide many other humanitarian aids (Bruce, 2007). UNAMIR did receive consent from both warring parties, but why was it impossible to achieve? We will answer this question in the following section. Failure and Causes Why it is a failure? The outbreak of the genocide in the face of the presence of the UN peacekeeper clearly demonstrates that the mission is a failure. According to Howard (2008), the mission was mandated to maintain peace, security and stability inside the country, but apparently it could not accomplish its tasks. The genocide killed approximately 800,000 people in just over 100 days. The UN peacekeeper was not able to respond when they were under attack from the Hutu extremists. They proved to be militarily weak, when 10 Belgium peacekeepers were killed and no respond was given from them. Instead of giving any response, the Belgium withdrew all their force; this paved the way for the genocide. What could have been worse while UNAMIR could not even prevent the outbreak of the genocide, and UNAMIR also was voted to reduce its size for the operation? In the following section, we will examine what were the obstacles, impediments and other contributing causes that contribute to its frustrating failure. What made it a failure? The failure of United Nation Peacekeeping Operation in Rwanda was result many contributing causes. The major cause is the lack of political interests from member states, especially the United States, the most prominent member of the United Nation Security Council, to take any action in response to the crisis. Howard (2008) argues that the Security Council intentionally did not want to identify the problem, the genocide. None of the members inside the council would dare to challenge the new disinterest of the US. The reason of the disinterest, he adds, was the incident of October 5 1993, in which the US rangers died in Somalia. The encouragement of new peacekeeping operation also declined. Similarly, the Secretary-General, Boutros Ghali, was dysfunctional. The report of violence in April 1994 in Rwanda did not come into the hand of him in time. The Secretary-General was touring around Europe, and came back to New York only a week after the report had been submitted. Eventually, the Secretary-General did produce a report to the Security Council, a mere report. In the report, the Secretary-General did present but did not recommend any of the following suggestion: withdraw all the force, send in massive peace enforcement force, and withdraw majority of the force to save the peacekeepers life while maintaining international community presence inside the country. In the report to the Security Council, the Secretary-General missed one crucial point; identify the violence as genocide. If the report had mentioned about the genocide, the Security would have decisively taken action against it (Howard, 2008). If the Secretary had mention genocide in the report, the action would h ave been taken decisively under Article II and 1948 Genocide Convention. Found in same book, Vaccaro (1996) says The failure [UNAMIR] was twofold: not enough accurate analysis was available to the Council, and the information that was reported seems to have fallen on deaf ears. Some particular members such as US and Belgium endorsed the immediate withdrawal of the troops from the operation, complaining that they were under pressure of the mounting billion dollars operation debt; therefore, they need save up in order to pay off the debt. Besides, the United Kingdom opposed the suggestion of sending more forces into operation arguing that lessons learned from Somalia case proved that stronger force still would not be able to complete its mission, and would even worsen the situation there (Howard,2008). Eventually, the decision to downside the scale of operation was reach unanimously. The US disinterest and Secretary-Generals dysfunction created many problems. As the most prominent member of the council, no member was willing to challenge US. The US did not support the mission in Rwanda; therefore, this leads to many problems such as troop contribution, funding, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Howard (2008) states, The council did not recommend adequate funding nor did countries provide adequate troops, given the extensive mandate assigned to UNAMIR. Jones (2007) argues that the political uncertainty during the birth of UNAMIR illustrates its destiny. Such uncertainty would provide limited implementation of its mandate, communication to its political master to respond to the problem effectively. Not only the Secretary-General that was dysfunctional, the UN headquarter also was. A report, known as black file by Canadian Major-General Romeo A. Dallaire, was sent to the UN headquarter. The report explained the plan for genocide that was not planned by President Habyarimana but by a group of Hutu extremist. It also stated the plan to kill Belgian peacekeepers to provoke the withdrawal of them, and kill all the Tutsis. The information of this report was given by a high-level official in the government who gave this information in the return of protection from the UN. When the report come into the UN headquarter, it was put aside and ignore. General Dallaire was only told to alert Belgian, French, and US, and not to attack the weapon warehouse that he wanted to. Three months later, everything mentioned in the report became real. Ten Belgian peacekeepers were killed along with Prime Minister Agathe Uwlingiyimana. Another contributing cause to the failure is the finance and logistic problems. The deployment of the UN peacekeeper to Rwanda was conducted in such a very slow manner. Jones (2007) describes the UNAMIR as financially and logistically very weak. He explains that the force was deployed in small detachment rather than concentrated force. The deployment of such small detachment did not provide much deterrence, and proved to be weak when the ten Belgium peacekeepers were killed by the extremist Rwandan. In term of financing the operation, it received its budget installment 8 months after the budget planned went to the UN Fifth Committee; the Advisory Committee on Activities and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ). Its budget was endorsed only two days before the genocidal attack broke out, and ultimately received all its financial support one month after the attack had stopped. Moreover, UNAMIR never obtained critical asset such as intelligence capacity and defensive equipments (Jones, 2007). UNAMIR was only equipped with such armored personal carriers that was contributed from the UN operation in Mozambique. Many of those were not working, and this proved no sign in respond to the genocide. And when they were not equipped with advanced equipment, how could they face with the army with such sophisticated weapon? According to its mandate, UNAMIR was deployed under the Chapter VI. Therefore, the weakness of UNAMIR lays in its mandate, in which it was stated that the use of force was strictly limited to only for self-defense. Jones (2007) argues that this weakness contribute a lot to the failure. When the genocide broke out, the UN peacekeepers were not able to respond and to confront the army with such sophisticated weapons. Moreover, the collecting weapon method was not included in its mandate. Howard stressed that While the Secretary-General had recommended that the force be charged with collective weapons as a way to enhance the security, the Council did not include the provision in the mandate. After the killing of the Belgium peacekeepers, Belgium government unilaterally withdrew its own force from Rwanda to prevent further causalities of their personals. According to Jones (2007), this action is called Non-response. Belgium did not seek for further method to keep peace inside the region, but they withdrew their own force and this decreased moral of the other peacekeepers there. They did not only withdraw their force, they also persuaded the others troop contributing nations to do so as well. Obviously, they did this because they wanted to lower their embarrassment. This would make the peacekeeping force even weaker, and also made other countries reluctant to contribute their force. Even the new reinforcement of UNAMIR (later known as UNAMIR II) was approved in December 1994, with the mandate to protect civilians by granting 5,500 peacekeepers; however, there were not adequate troops and equipment to operate its mission. The reason of this is straightforward. UNAMIR II got narrow support from the Security Council with ten votes in favor and five abstentions by China, New Zealand, Brazil, Nigeria, and Pakistan. As a result of no immediate available force to operate, the reinforcement was only deployed in August 1995, by which the genocide had already reached its peak in mid-may and started become less severe (Jones, 2007). In short, UNAMIR II was a humanitarian mission rather than an effective peacekeeping operation. Positive points about UNAMIR The operation of UN in Rwanda is mostly considered as the failure because the lack of resources of UNAMIR in field and the limited political will commitment of UN member states and international community. Even though, they are recognized as the failure; UN had done several commitments to help Rwanda as well. These commitments would be counted as small success for UNs operation. First of all, In October, 1993 the Security Council, by its resolution 872 (1993), established the international force, the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) to help the parties implement the agreement, monitor its implementation and support the transitional Government. In addition, UNAMIR troops managed to protect thousands of Rwandese who took shelter at sites under UNAMIR control. Howard (2008) says, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦some UNAMIR troops had begun to protect civilian against genocidal attacks, which was the morally appropriate action to take civilian protection could have been included as part of a new mandate, but it was not. Next, UNAMIR also continued its efforts to ensure security and stability, support humanitarian assistance, clear landmines and help refugees to resettle. Then, when Rwanda conducted the meeting with the United Nations Development Program in 1996, international donors pledged over $617 million towards the reconstruction of the country, United Nations agencies have continued to provide humanitarian aid and to assist in the return of the refugees. After that, On 8 November 1994, the Security Council established the International Tribunal for Rwanda for the sole purpose of prosecuting persons responsible for genocide and other Rwandan citizens responsible for genocide and other such violations committed in the territory of neighboring States, between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994. And UN also support Rwandas national program for capacity building and contribute to the strengthening of local government and local development partner, as well as civil society actor. Conclusion In short, United Nations peacekeeping operation in Rwanda was a failure. Even though, it also had some positive points. Later in this section, we will access a very brief summary, personal analysis and recommendations. Summary UN peacekeeping operation in Rwanda (UNAMIR) was created to facilitate the implementation of the Arusha Agreement after many bitter fighting between the government and Rwandan Patriotic Front. It was mandated to ensure peace and stability in the capital Kigali, to create weapon-free zone around the city, to help clearing land mines, and to assist the returning of Rwandan refugees. However, it was not a satisfied and successful story. Ten Belgian peacekeepers were killed by the radical Hutus, and the number of international force was decrease. This paved the way for genocide to break out, which killed almost 800,000 minority Tutsis and moderate Hutus of Rwandan. Disinterest of the member states to deploy the mission in time and effectively, dysfunction of the Secretary-General were the two main reasons contributing to the failure. UNAMIR was also weak in term of financial, logistical, and military, while it was only allowed to use weapon in the means of self-defense. Personal Analysis and Recommendations After examining UNAMIR, we have found its weakness and we also have come out with what could be done to improve future peacekeeping operation. We will begin with our personal analysis. We have found that the most prominent cause of the UNAMIR is the US disinterest in authorizing the mission. After the US peacekeepers were killed in Somalia, the US became reluctant to deploy another mission, fearing further casualties of their soldiers. Therefore, the peacekeeping was lack of leadership. As Jones (2007) says, The political reluctance, which attended the birth of UNAMIR, shaped its destiny. Another significant factors contributing to the failure is the inadequate of the information by the Secretary-General. The report that the Secretary-General submitted to the Security Council did not mention the violence as genocide, while it was genocide in every aspects of its but its name. If the Secretary-General had mentioned about the genocide, serious action could have been taken. After giving our own analysis, here we will articulate our recommendation. What should be done to improve the effectiveness of the UN peacekeeping operation? First, UNAMIR should have been deployed under Chapter VII (peace enforcement) rather than under the Chapter VI. UNAMIR was in no position when the genocide broke out, because its use of weapon had been restricted to only self-defense. Therefore, we suggest that future peacekeeping operation to be deployed under Chapter VII (peace enforcement). If the mission is deployed with a broader use of weapon, the peacekeepers might use it to protect civilian to raid weapons warehouse, and for many other humanitarian purposes. Second, so far we have seen that only after the mission is authorized, then the troops are mobilized. UNAMIR II was authorized, but at that time it did not have immediate available troops, and it needed to wait for the member states to contribute their troops. This is a time wasting process. Therefore, we would sugge st that the peacekeeping troops to be mobilized in advance. In other word, we suggest that UN should have the reserved troops for emergency.